In the heart of Namibia’s Northern Communal Areas (NCA), a pioneering battle is being fought against rabies. Here, veterinarians and their teams are leading the charge, utilising innovative methods and relentless dedication to significantly reduce human rabies cases, marking a remarkable achievement in the ongoing fight against this deadly disease. 

Innovative vaccination campaigns 

From June to July 2023, targeted dog vaccination campaigns swept through NCA’s five north central regions – Oshana, Omusati, Oshikoto, Ohangwena, and Kunene. These campaigns employed an ingenious strategy, setting up designated vaccination points to reach as many dog owners as possible. The approach was simple yet effective: create many accessible central vaccinations points where dog owners could bring their pets for rabies vaccination. 

Estimating vaccination coverage in a vast and scattered settlements is a monumental challenge. The vaccination teams use a mobile app to capture and track dog vaccination data. The vaccination coverage is calculated using a dog population estimated using a human dog ratio. A capture-mark-recapture methods to estimate a vaccination coverage was also initiated in this campaign. Using this approach, dogs were marked with colored paint spray at the vaccination points, and then count the proportion of marked dogs roaming in the evening. This was logistically challenging because of the vast areas. Another method using a High-Resolution Settlement Layer (HRSL) data was employed to estimate vaccination coverage around the vaccination point.  

HRSL data was leveraged to estimate human and dog populations within 2 km of the vaccination points. This data-driven method provided a feasible alternative when conventional surveys were impractical in Namibia’s challenging field settings. 

Getting results in the face of multifaceted challenges 

At one vaccination point, where 74 dogs were vaccinated, HRSL data estimated a dog population of 115, resulting in a vaccination coverage of 64%. Meanwhile, an owner survey suggested a coverage of 86%. These figures highlighted the complexities of estimating coverage, as not all dog owners participated in the vaccination campaign.

In another nearby point, the team vaccinated 70 dogs, with HRSL estimating a dog population of 93 and a coverage of 75%, while the dog owner survey estimated a coverage of 78%. These findings demonstrated the potential application of HRSL data to estimate coverage in challenging field settings.  

However, challenges persisted. Lack of transport and human resources to form enough vaccination teams were notable hurdles to cover large number of vaccination points. Throughout the campaign, several observations stood out. Schoolchildren played a crucial role in bringing dogs to vaccination points, capitalising on the fact that the campaign occurred during school holidays. The team vaccinated 40,286 pets. However, some dog owners remained unaware of the schedule, emphasizing the importance of communication. 

The rapid dog population turnover, with many puppies and juveniles (>50%), presented to the vaccination points underscored the need for annual vaccination campaigns to maintain the herd immunity. Rabies education at the vaccination points was a significant success, thanks to banners and posters distributed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) subregional representation for Southern Africa. 

Namibia integrates rabies vaccinations in dogs with cattle vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) at the cattle crushpens, where the pet owners also bring their pets at the crushpens for rabies vaccination. This approach improves coverage by reaching more remote locations in NCA. 

A brighter future in Namibia’s battle against rabies

As the world celebrates World Rabies Day, Namibia’s success story stands as a shining example of the impact that dedicated individuals can have in the fight against rabies.  

Namibia’s battle against rabies showcased the power of a One Health approach. From government leadership to community involvement, the nation’s strategy not only reduced human rabies cases from around 25 deaths in 2015 to 7 cases in 2022 but also improved data-sharing and Veterinary Services. 

By endorsing the country’s National Rabies Control Strategy, WOAH validated Namibia’s commitment, leading to sustained support and to further implement their control programme. 

In the vast and scattered settlements of Namibia’s NCA, the frontline rabies fighters continue their mission, safeguarding both human and animal lives, one vaccination at a time. Their dedication serves as a beacon of hope in the relentless fight against this deadly disease. 

The rabies elimination programme is co-funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and implemented by the Directorate of Veterinary Services with technical support provided by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI). 

Interview – May 2019

Nigeria has been involved in several PVS Pathway activities since 2010. In 2019, WOAH conducted a PVS Evaluation Follow-up mission in Nigeria, with a specific content on peste des petits ruminants (PPR) to assess the country’s specific needs to control this disease.

Dr Olaniran Alabi, Chief Veterinary Officer and WOAH national Delegate of Nigeria explains how the PVS Pathway helped Veterinary Services advocate for more support for their activities.

How did the PVS Evaluation mission proceed?  

Dr Olaniran Alabi: We identified critical stakeholders to agree on a workplan. Among them were the Directors of State Veterinary Services, veterinarians from different sectors, as well as sheep and goats’ associations. Then we had field visits. The two-week mission was designed to cover every part of Nigeria. At the end, a report was produced by the experts who conducted the mission. We validated it with all critical stakeholders.  

How did you use the report to improve Veterinary Services in your country?  

O.A.: It helped us identify gaps and set up priorities. It also served as an advocacy document with great success. We recently learned that the Federal government was going to grant us financial support for the control of transboundary animal diseases and slaughterhouses upgrades. The report guided us to address specific shortcomings in our Veterinary Services. The report assisted and facilitated the inauguration of the national board for our Veterinary Statutory Body, after the PVS report helped us convince the government of its importance in coordinating actions nationwide. Following the PVS recommendations, we are improving our engagement of veterinary paraprofessionals (VPPs) including their registration by the Veterinary statutory body. We are engaging them in our activities to make sure best practices are used across the country, especially in remote areas where VPPs are the only animal health personnel available.  

How did the PPR component of the PVS evaluation help?  

O.A.: Our production system for small ruminants mainly consists of smallholder and semi-intensive farms. Village women are very much involved. It is an important source of livelihood for rural communities. The PPR component was therefore critical as it helped us advocate for better funds and gave us valuable information in support of the national PPR control and eradication plan. 

Interview – May 2019

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is key to regulating and implementing effective animal disease control measures, such as large-scale livestock vaccination in Kenya.

Dr Obadiah Nyaga Njagi, Chief Veterinary Officer and WOAH national Delegate of Kenya tells us about current PPP initiatives in his country.

What kind of PPP initiatives are being launched in Kenya, and what is your role in them?

Dr Obadiah Nyaga Njagi: I am involved in PPP initiatives that aim to include private sector veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals in the large-scale vaccination of livestock. Their contribution is vital to fighting several livestock diseases, such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), foot and mouth disease and lumpy skin disease. Vaccination is usually done by the public sector in Kenya, but to upscale our action, we need to bring the private sector in. 

To that effect, I recently led the publication of a circular paper to provide national guidelines on the involvement of the private sector in livestock vaccination across the country, taking into account the guidelines produced by WOAH on the topic. 

How are WOAH’s PPP workshops helpful in implementing these initiatives? 

O.N.N.: We had a workshop in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2019. WOAH experts and partners presented success stories from different countries and we exchanged best practices with participants during group sessions. This was very helpful to appreciate what the private sector has to offer. Private sector actors now realise that there is a gap they can help us fill in, not just in Kenya but also in the region. Discussing best practices with neighbouring countries during the workshop was most useful. The participation of the private sector at the workshop was an excellent idea. 

Why is regional coordination crucial to this PPP initiative’s success? 

O.N.N.: Wide-scale vaccination against transboundary diseases such as PPR requires cross-border coordinated action. In the Karamoja region, which includes Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda, we target a million cattle vaccinated on the Kenyan side, thanks to efficient PPP. To achieve this, and with support of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), we signed a multilateral Memorandum of Understanding and developed an implementation protocol that created cross-border governance structures and communication pathways at national and regional levels.