The technical reference document supports the responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials in bovine animals, without serving as a treatment guideline. It is envisaged that WOAH Members will use the information in the technical reference document to update existing guideline documents for the responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials in bovine animals. This document will contribute to development of national and/or regional treatment guidelines, advice on prevention and best animal health management, risk management, and risk prioritisation to minimise and contain antimicrobial resistance.